BOOKS

1 Medieval Studies

• Religiöse Dichtung im englischen Hochmittelalter. Untersuchung und Edition der Handschrift B.14.39 des Trinity College in Cambridge. Texte u. Unters. zur engl. Phil. 1. München, 1973.
• “Tractatus de Grammatica”. Eine fälschlich Robert Grosseteste zugeschriebene spekulative Grammatik. Edition und Kommentar. Veröffentlichungen des Grabmann-Institutes 28. München, 1976.
• (Ed. with Walter Sauer) A Concordance to Six Middle English Tail Rhyme Romances. Frankfurt a. M., 1993.
• (Ed. with Joseph Harris) Prosimetrum: Crosscultural Perspectives on Narrative in Prose and Verse. Cambridge, 1997.
• Spielmannsidiom, Dialektmischung und Kunstsprache in der mittelenglischen volkstümlichen Epik. Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Geisteswissenschaften. Vorträge G 383. Paderborn, 2002.
• Die Anfänge der mittelenglischen weltlichen Lyrik: Text, Musik, Kontext. Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Geisteswissenschaften. Vorträge G 404. Paderborn, 2005.
• (Ed.) Medieval Oral Litrature. De Gruyter Lexikon. Berlin, 2012 (pb 2016).
• Musik und Spiritualität im englischen Psalter des spätmittelalterlichen Mystikers Richard Rolle. Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Geisteswissenschaften. Vorträge G 437. Paderborn, 2012.

2 Linguistics 

• Categorial Grammar and Word-Formation: The De-adjectival Abstract Noun in English. Buchreihe der Anglia 22. Tübingen, 1982.
• Englische Sprachwissenschaft. Eine Bibliographie. Mit einem Anhang von Helmut Gneuss. Grundlagen der Anglistik und Amerikanistik 17. Berlin, 1993.

3 Oral Poetry/Turkic 

• Usbekische Märchen, mit Übersetzung, Glossar und Anmerkungen. Materialia Turcica, Beiheft 1. Bochum, 1978.
• Türkmenische Märchen, mit Übersetzung, Glossar und Anmerkungen. Materialia Turcica, Beiheft 4. Bochum, 1978.
• Karakalpakische Märchen, mit Übersetzung, Glossar und Anmerkungen. Materialia Turcica, Beiheft 7. Bochum, 1985.
• Rawšan. Ein usbekisches mündliches Epos. Asiatische Forschungen 93. Wiesbaden, 1985.
• Märchen aus Sinkiang. Überlieferungen der Turkvölker Chinas. Märchen der Welt. Köln, 1986.
• Turkic Oral Epic Poetry. Traditions, Forms, Poetic Structure. The Albert Bates Lord Studies in Oral Tradition 7. New York, 1992. (Turkish translation Ankara, 2002, Russian translation Moscow, 2008, Chinese translation Beijing 2011.) Rpt. 2018 (Routledge Revivals)
• (Ed.) The Oral Epic: Performance and Music. Intercultural Music Studies 12. Berlin, 2000.
• Singing the Past: Turkic and Medieval Heroic Poetry. Myth and Poetics. Ithaca, NY, 2000.
• Das usbekische Heldenepos Alpomish: Einführung, Text, Übersetzung. Turcologica 48. Wiesbaden, 2001.
• Edige. A Karakalpak Oral Epic as Performed by Jumabay Bazarov. FF Communications 293. Helsinki, 2007. 
• Manas in the Version of Jüsüp Mamay. Translated by Karl Reichl. Vol. 1. Xinjiang "Manas" Research Centre Publications 4. Beijing, 2014.
• Manas in der Version von Jüsüp Mamay. Übersetzt von Karl Reichl. Bd. 1. Publikationen des Xinjiang "Manas" Forschungszentrums 5. Beijing, 2014.
• Manas in the Version of Jüsüp Mamay. Translated by Karl Reichl. Vol. 2. Xinjiang "Manas" Research Centre Publications 4. Beijing, 2015.
• The Oral Epic: From Performance to Interpretation. Routledge Studies in Medieval Literature and Culture. New York and London, 2022.

ARTICLES (SELECTIONS) 

1 Medieval Studies 

• “An Anglo-Norman Legend of Saint-Margaret (MS. BM Add. 38664)”, Romania 96 (1975): 53-66.
• “Ein mittelenglisches Marienleben aus der Hs. Add. 4122 der University Library in Cambridge”, Anglia 95 (1977): 313-356.
• “Zur Frage des irischen Einflusses auf die altenglische weltliche Dichtung”, in Die Iren und Europa im früheren Mittelalter, ed. H. Löwe. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1982, I, 138-168.
• “Beowulf, Er Töštük und das Bärensohnmärchen”, in Fragen der mongolischen Heldendichtung. IV, ed. W. Heissig. Asiatischen Forschungen 101. Wiesbaden, 1987, 321-350.
• “Popular Poetry and Courtly Lyric: The Middle English Pastourelle”, REAL. The Yearbook of Research in English and American Literature 5 (1987): 33-61.
• “Philosophy and Language in Chaucer’s ‘Troilus’”, in The European Tragedy of Troilus, ed. P. Boitani. Oxford, 1989, 133-152.
• “Old English: Formulaic Diction in Old English Epic Poetry”, in Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry. II, ed. J. B. Hainsworth. London, 1989, 42-70.
• “Liebe als Krankheit: Mittelenglische Texte”, in Liebe als Krankheit in der mittelalterlichen Lyrik, ed. T. Stemmler. Mannheim, Tübingen, 1990, 187-219.
• “The King of Tars: Language and Textual Transmission”, in Studies in The Vernon Manuscript, ed. D. Pearsall. Cambridge, 1990, 171-186.
• “Griselda and the Patient Wife: The Popular Tradition in Middle English Narrative”, in La storia di Griselda in Europa. Griselda 2, ed. R. Morabito. L’Aquila, 1990, 119-136.
• “The Middle English Popular Romance: Minstrel versus Hack Writer”, in The Ballad and Oral Literature, ed. J. Harris. Harvard English Studies 17. Cambridge, MA, 1991, 243-268.
• “‘Imagination’: Chaucer and the Philosophers”, in The Medieval Imagination. L'Imagination Médiévale: Chaucer et ses Contemporains, ed. A. Crépin. Publications de l'Association des Médiévistes Anglicistes de l’Enseignement Supérieur 16. Paris, 1991, 157-176.
• “Syntax and Style in Sir Isumbras”, in Language and Civilization: A Concerted Profusion of Essays and Studies in Honour of Otto Hietsch, ed. C. Blank, with the assistance of T. Kirschner, D. Gutch & J. Gilbert. Frankfurt, 1992, 183-203.
• “Old English giedd, Middle English yedding as Genre Terms”, in Words, Texts and Manuscripts: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Culture Presented to Helmut Gneuss on the Occasion of this Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. M. Korhammer, with the assistance of K. Reichl and H. Sauer. Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1992, 349-370.
• “‘Octavian’ and ‘Kuntuγmïš’: Popular Romance and Dåstån”, in Fragen der mongolischen Heldendichtung. V, ed. W. Heissig. Asiatische Forschungen 120. Wiesbaden, 1992, 305-330.
• “The Literate Fallacy: Interpreting Medieval Popular Narrative Poetry”, in Interpretation: Medieval and Modern. The J.A.W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Eighth Series. Perugia, 1992, ed. P. Boitani, A. Torti. Cambridge, 1993, 67-90.
• “King Horn: ‘Sage’, Romanze, Ballade”, in Text und Zeittiefe, ed. H. L. C. Tristram. ScriptOralia 58. Tübingen, 1994, 487 517.
• “‘No more ne willi wiked be’: Religious Poetry in a Franciscan Manuscript (Digby 2)”, in Literature and Religion In the Later Middle Ages: Philological Studies in Honor of Siegfried Wenzel, ed. by Richard G. Newhauser and John A. Alford. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 118. Binghamton, NY, 1995, 297-317.
• “Satirische und politische Lyrik in der anglo-irischen Kildare-Hand¬schrift (Hs. BL Harley 913)”, in Zeitgeschehen und seine Darstellung im Mittelalter. L’actualité et sa représentation au Moyen Age, ed. Christoph Cormeau. Studium Universale, 20. Bonn, 1995, 173-199.
• “‘The Charms of Simplicity’: Popular Strains in the Early Middle English Love Lyric”, in Individuality and Achievement in Middle English Poetry, ed. O. S. Pickering. Cambridge, 1997, 39-58.
• “Debate Verse”, in Studies in the Harley Manuscript. The Scribes, Contents, and Social Contexts of British Library MS Harley 2253. Ed. Susanna Fein. TEAMS. Kalamazoo, 2000, 219-239.
• “James Ryman’s Lyrics and the Ryman Manuscript: a Reappraisal”, in Bookmarks from the Past: Studies in Early English Language and Literature in Honour of Helmut Gneuss. Ed. Lucia Kornexl & Ursula Lenker. Frankfurt a. M., 2003, 195-227.
• “Comparative Notes on the Performance of the Middle English Popular Romance”, Western Folklore 62 (2004): 63-81.
• “Turkic Bard and Medieval Entertainer: What a Living Epic Tradition Can Tell Us About Oral Performances of Narrative in the Middle Ages”, in Performing Medieval Narrative. Ed. Evelyn Birge Vitz, Nancy Freeman Regalado & Marilyn Lawrence. Cambridge, 2005, 167-178.
• “The Middle English Carol”, in A Companion to the Middle English Lyric. Ed. Thomas G. Duncan. Cambridge, 2005, 150-170.
• “Heroic Epic Poetry in the Middle Ages”, in The Cambridge Companion to the Epic, ed. Catherine Bates. Cambridge, 2010, 55-75.
• “The Beginnings of the Middle English Secular Lyric: Texts, Music, Manuscript Context”, in The Genesis of Books: Studies in the Scribal Culture of Medieval England in Honour of A. N. Doane, ed. M. T. Hussey, J. D. Niles. Studies in the Early Middle Ages, 9. Turnhout, 2011, 195-243.
• “Plotting the Map of Medieval Oral Literature”, in Medieval Oral Literature, ed. K. Reichl. Berlin, 2012, 3-67.
• (With Joseph Harris) “Performance and Performers”, in Medieval Oral Literature, ed. K. Reichl. Berlin, 2012, 141-202.
• ""Swutol sang scopes": Field Notes on the Performance of Beowulf ", in 'Beowulf' at Kalamazoo: Essays on Translation and Performance. Ed. Jana K. Schulman and Paul E. Szarmach. Studies in Medieval Culture 50. Kalamazoo, MI, 2012, 253-275. (With musical examples on CD)
• "The Oral and the Written: Aspects of Oral Composition, Performance, and Reception", in A Companion to British Literature. I. Medieval Literature 700-1450. Ed. R. Demaria, Jr., H. Chang, S. Zacher. Oxford, 2014, 1-15.
• "Hero and Leander: Medieval and Folkloristic Variations on a Classical Theme", in Dall'Antico al Moderno. Imagini del Classico nelle Litterature Europee. Ed. Piero Boitani, Emilia di Rocco. Storia e Litteratura 293. Rom, 2015. 87-119.
• "His robe was of syklatoun. Prächtige Stoffe in den mittelenglischen Romanzen: ornamental oder bedeutungsvoll?" in Ästhetiken der Fülle. Ed. Peter Glaser et al. Berlin, 2021, 319-325.
• “Orality, Vocality, and Textuality”, in The Routledge Companion to Medieval English Literature, ed. R. Radulescu, S. Rikhardsdottir. New York 2022, 15-26.
• “The Middle English Arundel Pastourelle: A New Look at Text and Manuscript Context,” in  ἀγλαὰ δῶρα. Studi miscellanei in onore di Dora Faraci, ed. S. Irvine, C. Riviello, P. Vaciago, R. Bianchin. Rome, 2025, 807-823.

2 Linguistics 

• “Zur syntaktischen Interferenz im Mittelenglischen”, in Sprachtheorie und angewandte Linguistik. Festschrift für Alfred Wollmann zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. W. Welte. Tübingen, 1982, 221-234.
• “Derivational Patterns in Languages with a ‘Mixed’ Lexicon”, Orbis 30 (1981 [1983]): 22-40.
• “Syntactic Interference in Afghan Uzbek”, Anthropos 78 (1983): 481-500.
• “Indirect Objects as Subjects”, in Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress of Linguists. Berlin/GDR, August 10-August 15, 1987, ed. W. Wahner, J. Schuldt, D. Viehweger. 3 vols. Berlin, 1990, II, 1435-1437.
• “Uzbek - Indigenous Grammar under the Impact of Arabic Lexicographers, Persian Poets, and Russian Schoolmasters”, in Indigenous Grammar Across Cultures. Ed. H. Kniffka. Frankfurt a. M., 2001. 435-454.
• “Parenthesis in Beowulf: Singer’s Aside or High Poetic Style?”, in Percepta Rependere Dona. Studi di filologia per Anna Maria Luiselli Fadda, ed. C. Bologna, M. Mocan, P. Vaciago. Florence, 2010, 257-276.
• “Rewth, milthe, merci: Lexical Choices in the Middle English Translations of the Psalms”, in More than Words. English Lexicography and Lexicology Past and Present. Essays Presented to Hans Sauer on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Part I, ed. R. Bauer, U. Krischke. Frankfurt a. M., 2011, 281-297.
• "Das Altenglische - Genese und Struktur", in Altertumskunde - Altertumswissenschaft - Kulturwissenschaft: Erträge und Perspektiven nach 40 Jahren Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Ed. Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer. RGA-E-Bd. 77. Berlin, 2012, 459-513.

3 Oral Poetry/Turkic 

• “Oral Tradition and Performance of the Uzbek and Karakalpak Epic Singers”, in Fragen der mongolischen Heldendichtung. III, ed. W. Heissig. Asiatische Forschungen 91. Wiesbaden, 1985, 613-643.
• “Ein kirgisischen Märchen aus Xinjiang”, Materialia Turcica 10 (1984 [1985]): 95-114.
• “Uzbek Epic Poetry: Tradition and Poetic Diction”, in Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry. II, ed. J. B. Hainsworth. London, 1989, 94-120.
• “Formulaic Diction in Kazakh Epic Poetry”, Oral Tradition 4 (1989): 360-381.
• (with Geng Shimin), “Uigurische Vierzeiler aus Kuchar”, Materialia Turcica 15 (1989) [1991]: 55-87.
• “Lyric Genres in Turkic Oral Epic Poetry”, in Oral Tradition and Innovation: New Wine in Old Bottles?, ed. E. R. Sienaert, A. N. Bell, M. Lewis. Durban, 1991, 216-227.
• “Parallelism in South Slav and Turkic Epic Poetry: Towards a Poetics of Formulaic Diction”, in The Uses of Tradition: A Comparative Enquiry into the Nature, Uses and Functions of Oral Poetry in the Balkans, the Baltic, and Africa, ed. M. Branch, C. Hawkesworth. London, Helsinki, 1994, 135-150.
• “Epensänger und Epentraditionen bei den Karakalpaken”, in Kulturelle Perspektiven auf Schrift und Schreibprozesse. Elf Aufsätze zum Thema ‘Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit’, ed. Wolfgang Raible. ScriptOralia 72. Tübingen, 1995, 163-186.
• “Variation and Stability in the Transmission of Manas”, in Bozkırdan Bağımsızlığa Manas, ed. Emine Görsoy-Naskali. Ankara, 1995, 32-47.
• “Epos als Ereignis: Bemerkungen zum Vortrag der zentralasiatischen Turkepen”, in Formen und Funktonen mündlicher Tradition. Vorträge eines Akademiesymposiums in Bonn, Juli 1993, ed. Walther Heissig. Abhandlungen der Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissen-schaften 95. Opladen, 1995, 156-182.
• “The Mixture of Verse and Prose in Turkic Oral Epic Poetry”, in Prosimetrum: Crosscultural Perspectives on Narrative in Prose and Verse, ed. Joseph Harris & Karl Reichl. Cambridge, 1997, 321-348.
• “The Performance of the Karakalpak Zhyrau”, in The Oral Epic: Performance and Music, ed. K. Reichl. Intercultural Music Studies 12. Berlin, 2000, 129-150.
• “Silencing the Voice of the Singer: Problems and Strategies in the Editing of Turkic Oral Epics”, in Textualization of Oral Epics. Ed. Lauri Honko. Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 128. Berlin, 2000, 103-127.
• “Medieval Perspectives on Turkic Oral Epic Poetry”, in Inclinate Aurem: Oral Perspectives on Early European Verbal Culture. A Symposium. Ed. Jan Helldén, Minna Skafte Jensen, Thomas Pettitt. Odense, 2001, 211-254.
• “L’épopée orale turque d’Asie centrale. Inspiration religieuse et interprétation séculière”, Études mongoles et sibériennes 32 (2001) [2002]: 5-162.
• “Hero and Saint: Islamic Elements in Uighur Oral Epics”, Journal of the History of Sufism 3 (2001): 7-24.
• “Genealogy and Heroic Conduct: Turkic Oral Epics and the Meaning of Heroic Poetry”, in The Kalevala and the World’s Traditional Epics. Ed. Lauri Honko. Studia Fennica Folkloristica 12. Helsinki, 2002, 245-266.
• “The Search for Meaning: Ritual Aspects of the Performance of Epic”, Journal of Historical Pragmatics 4 (2003): 240-267.
• “Turkic Oral Epic Poetry.” in The Turkic Speaking Peoples. 2,000 Years of Art and Culture from Inner Asia to the Balkans, ed. Ergun Çagatay & Doğan Kuban. München, 2006, 54-67.
• “Karakalpak Destanları: Gelenek, Destancılar ve Destan Anlatımı”, Türkbilig 15 (2008): 64-77.
• “Orality and Performance”, in A Companion to Medieval Popular Romance. Ed. Raluca L. Radulescu and Cory James Rushton. Cambridge, 2009, 132-149.
• “The Performance of the Karakalpak Zhyrau”, in Muzyka tjurskogo mira. Materialy pervogo meždunarodnogo simpoziuma Almaty, 3-8 masjy 1994. Ed. B. Karakulov & Saule Utegalieva. Alma-Ata, 2009, 62-73.
• “The Karakalpak Epic of Edige : Textual Stability and Composition in Performance”, in Horizons of the World: Festschrift für İsenbike Togan – Hudûdü’l-Âlem: İsenbike Togan’a Armağan, ed. İ. Evrim Binbaş. N. Kılıç-Schubel. Istanbul, 2011, 604-630.
• “Medieval Turkish Epic and Popular Narrative”, in Medieval Oral Literature, ed. K. Reichl. Berlin, 2012, 681-700.
• "Vom Schamanen zum Spielmann: Der musikalische Vortrag der usbekischen und karakalpakischen Epensänger", in Musik im Orient. Zwischen Maqâm und Epengesang. Ed. Hendrik Boeschoten, Reinhard Wiesend. Mainz, 2012, 225-264.
• “From Performance to Text: A Medievalist’s Perspective on the Textualization of Modern Turkic Oral Poetry”, Western Folklore 72 (3-4) (2013): 252-271.
• "The Varieties of Formulaic Diction in Turkic Oral Epics", Balcanica 44 (2013): 79-91.
• ““Sing, o Muse!”: Reflections on the Singing of Oral Epics”, in Song and Emergent Poetics, ed. P. Huttu-Hiltunen, Frog, K. Lukin, E. Stepanova. Kuhmo, 2014, 45-63.
• "Memory and Textuality in the Oral-Literacy Continuum", in Orality and Textuality in the Iranian World: Patterns of Interaction Across the Centries. Ed, Julia Rubanovich. Leiden, 2015. 19-42.
• "Oral Epics into the Twenty-First Century: The Case of the Kyrgyz Epic Manas." Journal of American Folklore 129 (2016): 327-344.
• "Orality", in The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, ed. Siân Echard and Robert Rouse. Oxford, 2017, 1445-1451.
• “Oral Epics Along the Silk Road: The Turkic Traditions of Xinjiang”. CHINOPERL: Journal of Chinese Oral and Performing Literaure 38.1 (2019): 45-63.
• "'The True Nature of the Aoidos': The Kirghiz Singer of Tales and the Epic of Manas". In John Miles Foley’s World of Oralities: Text, Tradition, and Contemporary Oral Theory. Ed. Mark C. Amodio. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press, 2020: 185-206.
• “Formulas in Oral Epics: The Dynamics of Metre, Memory, and Meaning”, in Weathered Words: Formulaic Language and Verbal Art, ed. Frog, W. Lamb. Publications of the Milman Parry Collection Of Oral Literature 6. Cambridge, MA, 2022, 23-47.
• “Hikâye and dastan : Turkish and Turkic Epic Traditions”, Le Recueil Ouvert (2023). URL: http://epopee.elan-numerique.fr/volume_2023_article_420-hikaye-and-dastan-turkish-and-turkic-epic-traditions.html¹
• “The Singing of Tales: The Role of Music in the Performance of Oral Epics in Turkey and Central Asia”, in Singers and Tales in the Twenty-First Century, ed. D. J. Elmer, P. McMurray.  Publications of the Milman Parry Collection Of Oral Literature 7. Cambridge, MA, 2024, 409-434.

Medieval Oral Literature
Paperback edition published 2016 (34,95 €)!

Medieval Oral Literature. Edited by Karl Reichl. De Gruyter Lexikon. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter, 2011. 743 pp., 27 illustrations.

https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/21402?format=B²

This book provides a comprehensive survey of medieval oral literature with chapters:

• on theoretical questions of the interplay of orality and literacy in the Middle Ages,
• on the application of the Oral Theory to medieval literature,
• on questions of poetics and aesthetics,
• on various oral/literary traditions from medieval Ireland to Russia, from Iceland to the Hispanic Peninsula, the Arabic world and medieval Turkey and Persia,
• on different genres: lyric, epic, ballad, drama, and ritual poetry.
• The book is written by an international group of scholars. 

Turkic Oral Epic Poetry
My study of Turkic Oral Epic Poetry (1992) was re-edited in 2018 in the series "Routledge Revivals":

Turkic Oral Epic Poetry: Traditions, Forms, Poetic Structure. Abington & New York: Routledge, 2018.

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351123778³

The Oral Epic from Performance to Interpretation
This book aims at providing a detailed analysis and discussion of oral epic poetry. Simply put, the basic question the book seeks to answer is: "What are we missing as readers of the printed text of an oral epic and how important is what we are missing for the understanding and interpretation of the text?" This question concerns not only textualized oral epics but by extension also oral-derived epic poetry such as the Homeric epics.

What we are missing as readers of the text of an oral epic is everything that defines and characterizes its performance. The terms "voice", "gesture" and "music" signalize the emphasis on the epic performance as a communicative event, with the singer-narrator in the centre: as a physical presence, as a narrating voice, as an actor and interpreter, and as a musician. While the central part of the book will be devoted to performance, the underlying question of how relevant performance features are for the interpretation of the epic will be addressed in detail in the final chapters.

The book was published in 2021 (copyright 2022) as hardback and ebook. Eight audio and video files can be downloaded from the publisher's website.

See: https://www.routledge.com/The-Oral-Epic-From-Performance-to-Interpretation/Reichl/p/book/9780367761318
 
For 2022 the following publication is scheduled: "Orality, Vocality, and Textuality", Chapter 1 in Routledge Companion to Medieval English Literature in a Trans-European Context, 1100-1500. Ed. by Raluca Radulescu & Sif Rikardsdottir.

The MEMO Project
From 1995 until 2008 the research project on 'medieval epic and medieval orality' (MEMO) was linked to my chair of Medieval English Philology at the University of Bonn. Work on this project continues also after my retirement; see Current Research.

 My recordings of Turkic oral epic poetry were inspired by the comparative work of Milman Parry and Albert Lord on South Slavic oral epics; they began in 1975 with the recording of a Turkish aşık in Ürgüp and have been carried out regularly since 1981 in the Turkic-speaking parts of Central Asia (both in the former Soviet Union and in Xinjiang, China).

 For my comparative approach to medieval and Turkic heroic poetry, see my book Singing the Past: Turkic and Medieval Heroic Poetry. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2000.